Aggregation and proliferation of B cells and T cells in MALTs upon Cryptocaryon irritans infection in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea.

Mucosal immunity in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) plays crucial roles in resisting infection by pathogens, including parasites, bacteria and viruses. However, the mucosal immune response in the MALTs of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) upon parasitic infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of B cells and T cells in the MALTs of large yellow croaker following Cryptocaryon irritans infection. Upon C. irritans infection, the total IgM and IgT antibody levels were significantly increased in the skin mucus and gill mucus. Notably, parasite-specific IgM antibody level was increased in the serum, skin and gill mucus following parasitic infection, while the level of parasite-specific IgT antibody was exclusively increased in MALTs. Moreover, parasitic infection induced both local and systemic aggregation and proliferation of IgM+ B cells, suggesting that the increased levels of IgM in mucus may be derived from both systemic and mucosal immune tissues. In addition, we observed significant aggregation and proliferation of T cells in the gill, head kidney and spleen, suggesting that T cells may also be involved in the systemic and mucosal immune responses upon parasitic infection. Overall, our findings provided further insights into the role of immunoglobulins against pathogenic infection, and the simultaneous aggregation and proliferation of both B cells and T cells at mucosal surfaces suggested potential interactions between these two major lymphocyte populations during parasitic infection.

In-situ formed nanoscale Fe0 for fenton-like oxidation of thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin composites: Nondestructively recycle carbon fiber.

Thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composites were found widespread industrial applications. However, the numerous stable carbon-carbon bonds in cross-linked networks made them intractable for degradation, causing the large-scale composite wastes. Here a nanoscale Fe0 catalyst in-situ forming strategy was exploited to nondestructively recycle carbon fiber (CF) from UPR composites via Fenton-like reaction. The nano-Fe0 catalyst employed in this strategy activated H2O2 for removing UPR, featuring mild conditions and efficient degradation ability. Aiming at facile growth of the catalyst, a porous UPR was achieved by the hydrolysis of alkalic system. The nanoscale Fe0 catalyst was subsequently formed in-situ on the surface of hydrolyzed resin by borohydride reduction. Benefiting from fast mass transfer, the in-situ grown nano-Fe0 showed more efficient degradation ability than added nano-Fe0 or Fe2+ catalyst during Fenton-like reaction. The experiments indicated that hydrolyzed resin could be degraded more than 90% within 80 min, 80 °C. GC-MS, FT-IR analysis and Density functional theory (DFT) calculation were conducted to explained the fracture processes of carbon skeleton in hydrolyzed resin. Especially, a remarkable recovery process of CF from composites was observed, with a 100 percent elimination of resin. The recycled CF cloth exhibited a 99% strength retention and maintained the textile structure, microtopography, chemical structure, resulting in the nondestructive reclaim of CF. This in-situ formed nanoscale Fe0 catalytic degradation strategy may provide a promising practical application for nondestructively recycle CF from UPR composites.

Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound assisted conventional transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesion located in the segmental bronchi.

Background: The diagnosis of peribronchial pulmonary lesions located in the tertiary bronchi, also known as segmental bronchi, as well as, the 4th order and 5th order segmental bronchi is very difficult. Histopathological specimens cannot be easily obtained by endobronchial biopsies (EBBX) due to the patent but small segmental bronchial lumen. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and safety of the novel technique with radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) assisted conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA) in the diagnosis of solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesions located in segmental bronchi from 3th to 5th order. Methods: From December 2014 to December 2015, 16 patients with solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesions in the segmental bronchi from 3th to 5th order confirmed by computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. The lesions were located using radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) to determine the sites of conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (C-TBNA), then, histopathological specimens were obtained using the technique of C-TBNA. The final pathological diagnosis was made based on the findings from the surgical specimens. Statistical analyses were performed for specimen results and complications. Results: On pathological evaluation, 14 of the 16 specimens were malignant, including 8 adenocarcinomas, 4 squamous cell carcinomas, and 2 small cell carcinomas, while 2 were non-malignant diseases. The diagnostic accuracy rate, sensitivity and missed diagnosis rates were 87.5%, 87.5% and 12.5%, respectively. When Combined the results of cytology with histologic samples obtained from C-TBNA the total diagnostic accuracy rate, sensitivity and missed diagnosis rate were 93.75%, 93.75% and 6.25%, respectively. There were 2 cases of bleeding complications >5 mL after C-TBNA, and both were resolved with endobronchial management. Conclusions: The combination of R-EBUS with C-TBNA was advantageous and safe for the diagnosis of solitary peribronchial pulmonary lesions located in the segmental bronchi. However, possible bleeding complications should be anticipated with needle aspiration. Further verification of this combined application should be investigated in larger clinical trials.

Selective non-enzymatic total bilirubin detection in serum using europium complexes with different ß-diketone-derived ligands as luminescence probes.

Three europium(III) complexes, Eu(ectfd)3 (Hectfd = 1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-7-yl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione), Eu(tta)3 (Htta = 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)-butane-1,3-dione), and Eu(dbt)3 (Hdbt = 2-(4',4',4'-trifluoro-1',3'-dioxobutyl)dibenzothiophene), were synthesized and employed to detect total bilirubin (BR) in blood-serum samples. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopies were used to evaluate the selectivity of each europium (III) fluorescence probe to BR, which was shown to remarkably reduce the luminescence intensities of the europium(III) complexes at a wavelength of 612 nm. The luminescence intensity of each complex is linearly related to BR concentration. Eu(tta)3 was shown to be the more-appropriate fluorescence probe for the sensitive and reliable detection of total BR in blood serum samples than either Eu(ectfd)3 or Eu(dbt)3. This observation can be ascribed to special σ-hole bonding between Htta and BR. In addition, the optimal pH test conditions for the detection of BR in human serum by the Eu(tta)3 probe were determined. Sensitivity was shown to be dramatically affected by the pH of the medium. The experimental results reveal that pH 7.5 is optimal for this probe, which coincides with the pH of human serum. Furthermore, BR detection using the Eu(tta)3 luminescence probe is simple, practical, and relatively free of interference from coexisting substances; it has a minimum detection limit (DL) of 68 nM and is a potential candidate for the routine assessment of total BR in serum samples. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Streptomyces flavalbus sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays L.).

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-QY24T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of corn (Zea mays L.). A polyphasic approach was employed to determine the taxonomic status of strain NEAU-QY24T. The isolate was found to have chemical and morphological properties of the genus Streptomyces, with high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces lanatus JCM 4332T (98.3%) and clustered phylogenetically with Streptomyces lannensis JCM 16578T (98.2%). The cell wall was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and the whole cell sugars were identified as glucose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H8). The phospholipid profile was found to consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C16:0, C16:0, anteiso-C17:0 and C15:0. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain NEAU-QY24T and its closely related strains, which clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that strain NEAU-QY24T could be distinguished from these strains. These data indicate that the isolate should be recognised as a new species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces flavalbus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-QY24T (= CGMCC 4.7400T = DSM 104539T).

Psychrobacillus lasiicapitis sp. nov., isolated from the head of an ant (Lasius fuliginosus).

A novel Gram-stain-positive, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain NEAU-3TGS17T, was isolated from the head of an ant (Lasius fuliginosus). The isolate grew at 0-35 °C (optimum 28-30 °C), at pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.0) and with 0-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-3TGS17T belonged to the genus Psychrobacillus. Sequence similarities between strain NEAU-3TGS17T and members of the genus Psychrobacillus with validly published names (Psychrobacillus psychrotolerans DSM 11706T, Psychrobacillus insolitus DSM 5T, Psychrobacillus psychrodurans DSM 11713T and Psychrobacillus soli NBRC 110600T) were 98.4-99.1 %. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain NEAU-3TGS17T and its closest relatives were below 70 %. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The cell-wall peptidoglycan type was A4ß with ornithine as the diamino acid and the predominant menaquinones were MK-8 and some MK-7. The DNA G+C content was 35.8 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference, strain NEAU-3TGS17T was classified as representing a novel species in the genus Psychrobacillus, for which the name Psychrobacillus lasiicapitis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-3TGS17T (=DSM 100484T=CGMCC 1.15308T).

Bacillus solisilvae sp. nov., isolated from forest soil.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, NEAU-cbsb5T, was isolated from forest soil from Changbai Mountain, Heilongjiang Province, China. The isolate grew at 15-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of up to 4 % (w/v) NaCl, although NaCl was not required for growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain NEAU-cbsb5T formed a distinct lineage within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus acidiceler DSM 18954T (99.1 % similarity) and Bacillus luciferensis JCM 12212T (99.0 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to sequences of the type strains of other Bacillus species was less than 96.0 %. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between NEAU-cbsb5T and its most closely related species were 78.72-84.75 % by ANIm, ANIb and OrthoANIu analysis. The in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain NEAU-cbsb5T and its close relatives B. acidiceler DSM 18954T and B. luciferensis JCM 12212T were both 23.80 %, again indicating they belong to different taxa. The major cellular fatty acids of NEAU-cbsb5T were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown aminophospholipid. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the predominant menaquinones were MK-7 and MK-6. The genomic DNA G+C content was 33.0 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain NEAU-cbsb5T was classified as a representative of a novel species in the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus solisilvae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-cbsb5T (=CGMCC 1.14993T=DSM 100485T).

Berberine attenuates cigarette smoke-induced acute lung inflammation.

Berberine (Ber), the major constituent of Coptidis Rhizoma, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of Ber on cigarette smoke (CS)-mediated acute lung inflammation. C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks) were exposed to CS to induce acute lung injury. Ber was used to pretreat CS-exposed mice (50 mg/kg, intragastrically). Lung tissues were collected for histological examination, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay, Western blot analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured for cell counts and cytokine analysis. Histological examination showed that CS exposure caused infiltration of inflammatory cells into alveolar spaces and interstitial edema. Pretreatment with Ber significantly attenuated CS-induced lung inflammation. The numbers of total cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in BALF were decreased by 43, 40, and 53 %, respectively, by Ber pretreatment in CS-exposed mice, accompanied by decreased MPO activity, a marker of neutrophil accumulation. Ber pretreatment also profoundly diminished CS-induced secretions of macrophage inflammatory protein 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in BALF, along with less nuclear translocation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 subunit and lower NF-κB DNA-binding activity (P < 0.01). Thus, our results indicated that Ber ameliorates CS-induced acute lung injury through its anti-inflammatory activity.

[The Comparison of Clinical Effect of Rh-endostar on Retreated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Colorectal Cancer.].

BACKGROUND: Antiangiogenesis has become the fourth module of cancer therapy nowadays. However, its clinical effect varies from cancer to cancer. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical efficacy of rh-endostatin (YH-16, Endostar) on retreated non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer. METHODS: The patients including 17 cases of retreated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 15 cases of retreated colorectal cancer were confirmed by histopathology or cytopathology. All the cases were administrated with rh-endostatin combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 7.5 mg/m(2) rhendostatin solved in 500 mL of normal saline was slow intravenously dropped from day 1 to day 14. The efficacy was evaluated strictly according to RECIST criteria and the quality of life (QOL) was based on the Karnofsky performance (KPS). RESULTS: The response rate (RR) of 17 cases of retreated NSCLC was 11.8% (2/17), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 41.2% (7/17). However, the RR and DCR of the 15 cases of retreated colorectal cancer were up to 40% (6/15) and 86.6% (13/15). There was significant difference between these two tumors (P<0.05). Moreover, significant difference was also found on the QOL of these two tumors [The improving and stable QOL was 41.2% (7/17) and 86.6% (13/15), respectively (P<0.05)]. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical efficacy of rh-endostatin on retreated colorectal cancer was better than on retreated non-small cell lung cancer, which suggested that it was necessary to perform more clinical observations on the digestive tumors.